Project Ploughshares' work on this issue began with a major bibliographic study, Humanitarian Intervention: A Review of Literature. A series of seminars and roundtables explored the ethical and implementation challenges. Project Ploughshares has been especially engaged in the African debate through a series of consultations carried out in East, West, and Southern Africa by Project Ploughshares in cooperation with the Africa Peace Forum, the African Women’s Development and Communication Network, and the Africa Institute of South Africa. The subsequent report, The Responsibility to Protect: East, West, and Southern African Perspectives on Preventing and Responding to Humanitarian Crises, led to a significant set of African-generated recommendations.